Last Updated: April 2026 • Based on Q1 2026 US Wholesale Market Data
Wholesale solar panel pricing is not a single number. It is a tiered system that shifts based on order volume, contract structure, module technology, country of origin, and tariff exposure. Understanding how each layer works helps procurement teams make faster decisions, avoid overpaying on spot buys, and build supply agreements that hold up when project timelines compress.
Most B2B buyers interact with two distinct pricing models: spot pricing and contract pricing. Knowing when to use each one is one of the most practical skills a solar EPC or commercial installer can develop — and this guide walks through both, plus everything that moves the price between them.
⚡ Quick Answer
Wholesale solar panels in the US (Q1 2026) range from approximately $0.28–$0.44/W for TOPCon modules at commercial volumes (DDP US pricing). Spot pricing (1–9 pallets) carries an 8–15% premium over contract rates. Contract pricing activates at 10+ pallets; blanket POs at 50+ pallets unlock best-tier rates with 12–20%+ discounts. Always verify UL 61730 certification, CEC listing, and Tier 1 bankability status before issuing a purchase order.
Key Takeaways
Pricing is Tiered:- Spot (1–9 pallets) carries an 8–15% premium; contract pricing (10–49 pallets) and blanket POs (50+) progressively reduce per-watt cost.
- BNEF reports TOPCon is the only technology all survey participants consider bankable in 2025. PERC is declining in availability.
- DDP US TOPCon pricing ($0.25–$0.35/W) is 3–4× ex-factory China pricing due to Section 201/301 tariffs and AD/CVD duties.
- UL 61730 is required by most US AHJs. CEC listing is required for California incentive programs and used as a lender quality filter nationally. >
- Tier 1 answers "will my lender accept this?" — not "how will this module perform over 25 years?" PVEL scorecards answer the second question.
- Non-stocking distributors quote factory lead times (8–16 weeks). Stocking distributors ship in 1–5 business days from US warehouse.
- A blanket PO locks in pricing for the year while releasing inventory on your project schedule — the best risk management tool available to commercial EPCs.
In This Guide
Spot Pricing vs. Contract Pricing
Spot pricing applies to smaller, one-time orders placed without a prior supply agreement. At PES Supply, spot pricing typically applies to orders of 1–9 pallets (roughly 26–270 panels depending on wattage class). Spot buyers pay a premium of 8–15% above contract rates in exchange for complete flexibility — no volume commitment required.
Contract pricing activates at 10 or more pallets and drops per-watt costs meaningfully. Blanket purchase orders (POs) go further: a customer commits to a total annual volume across multiple releases, locking in the best per-watt rate while retaining scheduling flexibility. Blanket POs are standard practice in commercial solar EPC procurement — they eliminate re-quoting friction, protect against price volatility, and let procurement teams pull inventory on their own schedule instead of reacting to the spot market.
📦 1–9 pallets: Spot pricing — ships from available stock, no volume commitment
↓ 8–15% lower per watt
📦 10–49 pallets: Contract pricing — per-watt discount applied, standard lead times
↓ 7–12% lower per watt vs. spot
📦 50+ pallets / Blanket PO: Best-tier pricing — priority allocation, scheduled releases
↓ 12–20%+ lower per watt vs. spot
🔒 Blanket PO: Annual volume commitment, inventory reserved, price locked for project year
Pro Tip: Bundle Projects into a Blanket PO
Even if your current project only needs 8 pallets, ask your distributor whether your next two projects can be bundled into a single blanket PO. A 10–15% per-watt saving across three projects compounds faster than most project estimators expect — and protects you from mid-year price movements caused by tariff adjustments or supply disruptions.
What Drives Wholesale Solar Panel Prices in 2026
Five factors move wholesale module pricing in the US market. Any serious B2B procurement process should monitor all five continuously — not just at the time of a quote request.
The 5 Wholesale Price Drivers
Wattage Class: Higher-wattage modules reduce labor and racking cost per installed kilowatt. The shift from 400W to 550–600W commercial modules has meaningfully compressed installed costs over the past two years.
Brand Tier: Tier 1 manufacturers command a real premium — but often narrower than buyers expect, especially on high-volume orders. Evaluate the actual premium vs. the bankability requirement for your specific project.
US Tariffs: Section 201, Section 301, and AD/CVD duties on Chinese and certain Southeast Asian modules dramatically impact landed US pricing. DDP US TOPCon pricing ($0.25–$0.35/W) is 3–4× ex-factory China pricing ($0.07–$0.09/W). US-assembled and non-tariffed-origin modules carry different duty exposure.
Freight: Ocean freight volatility, port congestion, and last-mile delivery all move effective landed cost. A US-stocking distributor eliminates the freight uncertainty that direct importers face on every single order.
Wholesale $/W Reference Table by Technology (Q1 2026)
The table below reflects US DDP market wholesale ranges for qualified B2B buyers as of Q1 2026. Actual pricing depends on volume, brand, country of origin, and tariff classification. Request a wholesale quote for project-specific pricing.
| Wattage Class | Technology | Est. Wholesale $/W (US DDP) | Typical Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| 380–430W | PERC Mono | $0.28–$0.34/W | Residential rooftop, small C&I |
| 440–500W | TOPCon Mono | $0.30–$0.38/W | C&I rooftop, mid-scale ground mount |
| 540–600W | TOPCon Bifacial | $0.32–$0.40/W | Commercial ground mount, carports |
| 600–720W | TOPCon Bifacial (large format) | $0.34–$0.44/W | Utility-scale, tracker systems |
| 400–500W | HJT (Heterojunction) | $0.42–$0.55/W | Space-constrained commercial, premium residential |
Solar Panel Certifications and Ratings Your Procurement Team Must Verify
Not all panels that appear on a spec sheet are legal for installation in the US. Utility interconnection, commercial insurance, and AHJ inspections all require specific certifications. Verifying these before issuing a purchase order is far cheaper than discovering a compliance gap mid-project.
UL, IEC, and CEC Listing Requirements
UL 61730 certification (replacing the older UL 1703) is the US standard for photovoltaic module safety and construction. Most US commercial projects, utilities, and AHJs require UL 61730 as a condition of installation approval. IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 are the international equivalents, required for export projects and Caribbean/LATAM markets.
California's Energy Commission (CEC) maintains the Eligible Solar Equipment list, required for California incentive-eligible projects and widely used as a lender quality filter nationally. Confirm CEC listing for any module going into a California project or any project where the owner's loan documents specify it.
| Certification | Required For | How to Verify |
|---|---|---|
| UL 61730 | Most US AHJs and utilities; NEC-compliant installations | UL Product iQ database (publicly searchable by certificate number) |
| IEC 61215 / IEC 61730 | Export projects, Caribbean/LATAM markets | Request IEC certificate number from supplier |
| CEC Listing | California incentive programs; used by lenders as quality filter | California Energy Commission Eligible Equipment List (searchable) |
| PID Resistance Rating | String inverter systems; hot, humid climates | Request IEC 62804 test report from manufacturer |
⚠️ Verify Before Issuing a PO — Not After
When evaluating a new module brand, ask for both the UL certificate number and the CEC listing URL. Both are publicly searchable in seconds. If a supplier cannot provide these instantly, that is a signal worth noting — and a compliance gap discovered mid-project is orders of magnitude more expensive than a pre-PO verification delay.
Tier 1 Classification — What It Means and What It Doesn't
Tier 1 is a bankability classification, not a quality rating. The BloombergNEF Tier 1 PV Module Maker list identifies manufacturers whose modules have been deployed in non-recourse financed projects — meaning commercial banks were willing to lend against those panels as collateral. Tier 1 status reflects financial stability, manufacturing scale, and documented project deployment, not independent efficiency testing or reliability benchmarking.
The Critical Distinction
Tier 1 answers the question: "Will my lender accept this module?"
PVEL scorecards, RETC testing, and degradation data answer: "How will this module actually perform over 25 years?"
A Tier 1 module can still underperform on power tolerance, degradation rate, or temperature coefficient relative to a competing module from a less well-known manufacturer. For projects subject to lender requirements, Tier 1 status is a real and important threshold. For projects without those constraints, the per-watt premium may not be justified.
Warranty Structures in B2B Solar Procurement
Commercial solar panel warranties have two components: a product (materials and workmanship) warranty and a power (performance) warranty. Understanding the difference matters at the procurement stage — not when you're filing a claim five years into a project.
| Warranty Type | Typical Duration | What It Covers | Key Differentiator |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product Warranty | 12–25 years | Manufacturing defects, premature physical failure | Longer duration = more premium brand; verify US legal entity for enforcement |
| Power Warranty | 25–30 years | Minimum output % at defined annual intervals | Linear degradation guarantee (87.4% at year 30) is superior to stepped degradation |
Pro Tip for Large Commercial Projects: Request warranty language confirmation before issuing the PO — not after. Some budget-tier manufacturers issue warranties that are difficult to enforce from US jurisdiction. Distributors with direct brand relationships can often facilitate faster warranty resolution than buyers dealing directly with overseas factories. Also confirm the manufacturer has a US legal entity or authorized US warranty service agent before signing.
How to Choose the Right Solar Panels for Commercial Projects
Module selection decisions made at procurement have structural and electrical consequences that appear at installation. Choosing by wattage and price alone leads to real problems — choosing by application fit leads to projects that close on time and perform to spec.
Matching Module Technology to Application
| Application | Recommended Technology | Wattage Range | Key Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial Rooftop | TOPCon Mono (monofacial) | 400–550W | Roof weight limits and racking constraints favor lighter, smaller panels; bifacial gain is limited on rooftops |
| Ground Mount (Fixed Tilt) | TOPCon Bifacial | 540–650W | 5–15% bifacial gain from ground albedo; larger format reduces pile count and BOS cost per kW |
| Single-Axis Tracker | TOPCon Bifacial (large format) | 600–720W | East-west movement maximizes bifacial rear exposure; confirm length-to-width ratio with tracker vendor |
| Space-Constrained / Premium | HJT | 400–500W | Ultra-high efficiency; superior low-light and high-temperature performance |
Browse our full solar panel inventory filtered by application type, or request a wholesale quote with your project specs for a curated recommendation.
Panel Size and Weight Considerations
- Typically 1.7–1.9m × 1.0m, 20–25 kg — suited to residential and light commercial roofs >
- Typically 2.1–2.2m × 1.05m, 25–30 kg — standard commercial rooftop >
- Typically 2.3–2.4m × 1.1m, 30–35 kg — ground mount and large commercial >
- Typically 2.4–2.6m × 1.1m, 33–40 kg — utility scale and tracker systems
⚠️ Confirm Structural Dead Load Before Upsizing Modules
On retrofit projects, upsizing module wattage mid-project to reduce panel count can increase total roof load if the new panels weigh more per unit than those being replaced. Always have the structural engineer confirm dead load allowance before specifying module size — not after a PO is issued.
Electrical Compatibility — String Sizing and Inverter Matching
Module Voc and Vmp determine string sizing. Exceeding an inverter's maximum DC input voltage is a code violation (NEC 690.7) and can damage equipment. Under-sizing string voltage causes inverter clipping and lost production. Most commercial string inverters accept 1000V DC; utility-scale and some commercial systems use 1500V DC. Higher-wattage modules often have higher short-circuit current (Isc) — confirm against inverter string current limits before ordering. See our inventory of compatible inverters matched to commercial module specs for pairing support.
The Wholesale Solar Supply Chain — From Manufacturer to Job Site
The difference between a 4-week and a 16-week delivery timeline often comes down to one decision: which type of distributor you use. Understanding where panels come from, how many hands they pass through, and where delays typically occur is essential for realistic project scheduling.
Direct-from-Factory vs. Stocking Distributor
| Sourcing Channel | Lead Time | Minimum Volume | Key Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Factory | 8–16 weeks (port) + 1–4 weeks customs | 1–2 container loads | Quality issues resolved in weeks/months; requires in-house logistics |
| Non-Stocking Distributor | 8–16 weeks (factory lead in disguise) | Varies | Lower apparent margin; limited recourse on quality issues |
| Stocking Distributor (PES) | 1–5 business days (in-stock) | 1 pallet (26–30 panels) | US-based warranty support; guaranteed available inventory |
Pro Tip: Always Ask This One Question
When evaluating any distributor quote, ask: "Is this product in your US warehouse today, or are you ordering it?" The answer tells you everything about your real delivery timeline — and separates a stocking distributor from a pass-through intermediary quoting factory lead times with a margin on top.
Freight, Warehousing, and Last-Mile Delivery
Solar panels ship on standard 48×40 wood pallets, typically 26–30 panels per pallet depending on wattage class. A 40-foot container holds approximately 700–900 panels. LTL (less-than-truckload) applies to 1–5 pallets; FTL or container delivery applies to larger orders. Freight damage is a real risk — glass-faced panels are susceptible to micro-cracks from improper handling. Always require driver-assisted liftgate delivery, photograph every pallet at receipt, and note any external carton damage on the delivery receipt before signing.
For projects requiring complex logistics or multi-site delivery coordination, PES Supply Logistics provides freight and warehousing services specifically scaled for solar project supply chains. For larger projects with energy storage systems or complete power solutions, bundled freight coordination significantly reduces per-project logistics cost.
How PES Sources and Delivers Wholesale Solar Panels
PES Supply was built around one core premise: B2B solar buyers need a distributor who operates at their project speed — not the factory's speed. That means US inventory, same-day quoting, and relationships with enough manufacturers to find the right module for every project rather than defaulting to whatever is cheapest on a given day.
254+ Brand Partnerships and Direct Import Channels
PES maintains active supply relationships with more than 254 manufacturers and brands across solar panels, inverters, racking, and balance-of-system components. Direct import channels cover the major Tier 1 manufacturers as well as a curated roster of high-performing Tier 2 brands that consistently score well on PVEL and RETC independent testing. Container-load pricing through PES direct import channels approaches factory-direct economics without the logistics complexity and quality risk of managing an import independently — for buyers willing to plan 10–12 weeks out.
Real-Time Inventory and Same-Day Quoting
PES maintains a live inventory system updated daily. Quotes are tied to actual available stock — not a theoretical price pending a stock check. Same-day quotes are available for in-stock products during business hours; project quotes involving multiple SKUs, custom configurations, or container orders are returned within one business day. Our quoting process covers module pricing, compatible inverter pairing, racking options, and freight cost to your project address or staging location in a single document.
Request a wholesale quote today, or browse our full solar panel inventory to check current availability before calling.
Flexible Financing and Trade Credit Options
PES offers trade credit lines for qualified business buyers, enabling net terms on recurring orders without upfront payment for each project. For larger project financing needs, PES works with Cassilly Capital, a financing partner experienced in commercial solar project funding — including equipment financing, bridge lending for projects pending interconnection approval, and longer-term capital for installation portfolios. Contact PES to discuss trade credit eligibility or to get an introduction to Cassilly Capital's project financing team.
Bulk Solar Panel Pricing Tiers at PES
PES structures pricing across four clear tiers based on order volume. Actual pricing varies by brand, wattage class, and current market conditions.
| Order Size | Discount vs. List | Typical Lead Time | Shipping Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1–4 pallets (26–120 panels) | List / spot rate | 1–5 business days | LTL freight, liftgate delivery |
| 5–9 pallets (130–270 panels) | 3–6% below list | 1–7 business days | LTL or partial FTL |
| 10–49 pallets (260–1,470 panels) | 7–12% below list | 3–10 business days | FTL, flatbed, or intermodal |
| 50+ pallets / Blanket PO | 12–20%+ below list | Scheduled per PO releases | Container, dedicated FTL, or staged delivery |
Top Wholesale Solar Panel Brands Available at PES
PES stocks and sources panels from the world's leading solar manufacturers. Below are profiles of the most-requested brands, with key specifications and the use cases where each excels. For full current pricing and availability, browse our full solar panel inventory or contact our team for a project-specific recommendation.
🔷 LONGi Solar
The world's largest monocrystalline silicon manufacturer and consistent BloombergNEF Tier 1 brand. Hi-MO 6 and Hi-MO X6 anchor commercial and utility projects globally. LONGi has pivoted aggressively to back-contact technology (EcoLife series) for premium residential and commercial rooftops, while maintaining competitive TOPCon bifacial options for ground mount. Key series: Hi-MO 6 / Hi-MO X6 | Range: 430–620W | Best for: Commercial rooftop, ground mount.
🔷 JA Solar
JA Solar's DeepBlue 4.0 series is one of the most widely deployed commercial modules globally, available in 535–620W with N-type TOPCon cells. BloombergNEF Tier 1 manufacturer with strong US distribution, competitive warranty terms, and a US-accessible warranty service process. Key series: DeepBlue 4.0 | Range: 535–620W | Best for: C&I, ground mount.
🔷 Jinko Solar
Jinko's Tiger Neo series covers 480W to 700W+ using N-type TOPCon cells with efficiencies reaching 22.8%. Consistently scores well in PVEL module scorecard testing and is one of the world's top-three module shippers by volume. Bifacial double-glass Tiger Neo is a standard specification on US utility projects. Key series: Tiger Neo | Range: 480–700W+ | Best for: C&I, utility scale, tracker.
🔷 Canadian Solar
HiKu7 and BiKu series deliver high-wattage TOPCon bifacial performance at competitive pricing. Canadian Solar manufactures in Asia and at emerging North American facilities, providing tariff flexibility for large US projects. Among the most robust US technical support and warranty service infrastructures in the market. Key series: HiKu7 / BiKu | Range: 500–660W | Best for: Utility, large commercial.
🔷 Qcells (Hanwha)
Unique among major solar brands for US manufacturing presence — cell and module production in Dalton, Georgia. US-manufactured Qcells modules may qualify for domestic content ITC adders under applicable incentive programs. Q.TRON and Q.PEAK DUO series cover residential through commercial applications. Key series: Q.TRON / Q.PEAK DUO | Range: 370–430W | Best for: US domestic content projects, ITC bonus credit eligibility.
🔷 Trina Solar
Vertex S+ and Vertex N cover 400W to 700W+ with N-type TOPCon. Trina achieved 100% bankability in BloombergNEF's 2025 survey for the eighth consecutive time — one of the most financeable module brands globally. Strong choice for any project subject to lender module approval requirements. Key series: Vertex S+ / Vertex N | Range: 400–700W+ | Best for: All applications, financed projects.
🔷 First Solar
Leading US-headquartered manufacturer and dominant supplier of thin-film CdTe modules. Series 7 delivers industry-leading performance in high-temperature and diffuse-light environments. US manufacturing (Ohio and Alabama) provides full Section 201/301 tariff exemption. Superior temperature coefficient advantage — outperforms crystalline silicon in hot climates. Key series: Series 7 | Range: 500–560W | Best for: Utility, hot climates, US domestic content.
🔷 Mission Solar
US-based manufacturer (San Antonio, Texas) producing monocrystalline panels with full US domestic content eligibility. MSE series covers 380–430W for residential and light commercial. Excellent specification for projects requiring domestically manufactured modules under federal procurement rules or ITC domestic content bonus credit programs. Key series: MSE Series | Range: 380–430W | Best for: US domestic content, federal projects.
Brand Quick-Reference Table
| Brand | Key Series | Wattage Range | Technology | BNEF Tier 1 | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LONGi | Hi-MO 6 / X6 | 430–620W | TOPCon / Back Contact | ✅ Yes | Commercial rooftop, ground mount |
| JA Solar | DeepBlue 4.0 | 535–620W | TOPCon N-type | ✅ Yes | C&I, ground mount |
| Jinko Solar | Tiger Neo | 480–700W+ | TOPCon N-type | ✅ Yes | C&I, utility scale, tracker |
| Canadian Solar | HiKu7 / BiKu | 500–660W | TOPCon Bifacial | ✅ Yes | Utility, large commercial |
| Qcells | Q.TRON / Q.PEAK DUO | 370–430W | TOPCon (US-made) | ✅ Yes | US domestic content, ITC bonus |
| Trina Solar | Vertex S+ / Vertex N | 400–700W+ | TOPCon N-type | ✅ Yes (100%) | All applications, financed projects |
| First Solar | Series 7 | 500–560W | CdTe Thin-Film | ✅ Yes | Utility, hot climates, US domestic |
| Mission Solar | MSE Series | 380–430W | Mono PERC | ✅ Yes | US domestic content, federal projects |
Explore our full catalog of wholesale solar panels from these and 250+ additional brands. Our energy solutions guides include application-specific selection resources for EPCs and commercial buyers.
Frequently Asked Questions About Wholesale Solar Panels
What is the minimum order for wholesale solar panel pricing?
Wholesale pricing at PES begins at pallet-level orders — typically 26–30 panels depending on the module series. There is no minimum order quantity for placing an order, but per-watt discount tiers activate at higher volumes. Even single-pallet B2B buyers receive pricing superior to retail channels, and volume discounts compound meaningfully at 10 pallets and above.
Can I buy wholesale solar panels if I am not a licensed contractor?
PES serves B2B buyers including contractors, EPCs, developers, installers, and businesses procuring solar for their own facilities. Licensing requirements for purchasing materials vary by state — PES does not require a contractor license to buy. However, installation permits, utility interconnection applications, and most incentive programs do require a licensed electrical or solar contractor to pull permits and sign off on installation work.
How long does it take to receive a wholesale solar panel shipment?
For in-stock products, PES ships within 1–5 business days of order confirmation. LTL freight adds 2–7 business days in transit to most US locations. FTL orders arrive faster for nearby destinations. Container orders placed against direct import channels carry 10–14 week lead times from order confirmation to US delivery. Always request current stock status when quoting your project — never assume availability.
Do wholesale solar panels come with the same warranty as retail?
Yes. Wholesale panels from authorized distributors carry full manufacturer warranties identical to retail-purchased panels. The warranty is issued by the manufacturer — not the distributor — and applies to the product regardless of purchase channel. Buying from an authorized distributor like PES ensures warranty claims are supported with proper documentation and a US-based point of contact for faster resolution.
What is the difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 solar panels?
BloombergNEF Tier 1 is a bankability classification based on whether a manufacturer's modules have been used in non-recourse financed projects. It reflects financial stability — not product quality. Tier 2 panels may perform comparably or better on efficiency and degradation metrics. The practical difference: lenders typically require Tier 1 specification; projects without lender requirements can evaluate Tier 2 on independent technical merit.
Does PES ship solar panels to the Caribbean and Latin America?
Yes. PES ships wholesale solar panels to the Caribbean, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Latin American markets. Export orders require IEC-certified modules, and some markets require certifications beyond US standards. Export pricing, documentation, and freight logistics differ from domestic orders. Contact the PES team directly to discuss export volume requirements, shipping terms, and applicable certifications for your target market.
Start Your Wholesale Solar Panel Order Today
PES Supply is a direct-to-trade wholesale distributor serving EPCs, commercial installers, project developers, and businesses procuring solar at scale. With 254+ brand relationships, US-stocked inventory, same-day quoting, and flexible trade credit, PES is built to move at your project speed.
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About PES Supply
PES Supply is a nationwide direct-to-trade wholesale distributor of Tier 1 solar panels, inverters, battery storage systems, EV charging hardware, racking, generators, conduit, and complete electrical project kits. With 254+ brand partnerships, US-stocked inventory, same-day quoting, and a network of 8,500+ solution providers, PES serves EPCs, commercial installers, project developers, and facility owners with fast delivery, trade credit, and expert procurement support.
Location: 1507 Portland Ave, Louisville, KY, United States | Phone: 1 888-876-0007 | Website: www.portlandiaelectric.supply
Article: Wholesale Solar Panel Pricing Guide 2026 — How It Works, What Drives Price, Certifications, and Buying Strategy for B2B Solar Buyers
Category: Solar Energy | Wholesale Procurement | B2B Solar | EPC Resources | Commercial Solar
Last Updated: April 2026 • Based on Q1 2026 US Wholesale Market Data
Disclaimer: Pricing ranges and market data referenced in this article reflect Q1 2026 US wholesale market conditions and are subject to change based on tariff adjustments, currency movements, and supply chain dynamics. Always request a current project-specific quote before making procurement decisions.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What size wire do I need?
Wire sizing follows NEC Table 310.16 based on ampacity. A 20A circuit needs 12 AWG copper, a 30A circuit needs 10 AWG, and a 50A circuit needs 6 AWG.
Do I need a permit for electrical work?
Most electrical work requires a permit. Check with your local AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction). PES Supply provides spec sheets for permit submittals.
What is the NEC 125% rule?
NEC 210.19(A)(1) requires continuous loads (3+ hours) to be sized at 125% of the rated load. A 16A continuous load needs a 20A breaker (16 x 1.25 = 20A).
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